![]() However, the commercial manufacture and sale of any new fuel may be barred by existing laws that currently exclude GAIAX from the market. The petroleum industry in Japan is now proceeding with research and development of an original alcohol fuel that differs from GAIAX. ![]() European Union Consumption of Bioethanol (GWh) Īlcohol consumption does not specify the traffic fuel use In some areas (California in particular) the regulations may also require other formulations or added chemicals that reduce pollution, but add complexity to the fuel distribution and increase the cost of the fuel. Because alcohol is partially oxygenated, it produces less overall pollution, including ozone. This is to reduce pollution and allows these areas to comply with federal pollution limits. Many states and municipalities have mandated that all gasoline fuel be blended with 10 percent alcohol (usually ethanol) during some or all of the year. This would be useful because butanol has a higher energy density than ethanol, and because waste fibre left over from sugar crops used to make ethanol could be made into butanol, raising the alcohol yield of fuel crops without there being a need for more crops to be planted. However, if ordinary Saccharomyces yeast can be modified to improve its ethanol resistance, scientists may yet one day produce a strain of the Weizmann organism with a butanol resistance higher than the natural boundary of 7%. Specialized strains can tolerate even greater ethanol concentrations - so-called turbo yeast can withstand up to 16% ethanol. For comparison, yeast dies when the ethanol content of its feedstock hits 14%. ![]() This organism also dies when the butanol content of whatever it is fermenting rises to 7%. The fermentation processes to produce propanol and butanol from cellulose are fairly tricky to execute, and the Weizmann organism (Clostridium acetobutylicum) currently used to perform these conversions produces an extremely unpleasant smell, and this must be taken into consideration when designing and locating a fermentation plant. ![]()
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